Tuesday, July 4, 2017



Corruption:


Corruption is both a major cause and a result of poverty throughout the world. It occurs at all levels of society, from local and national governments, civil society, judicial functions, large and small enterprises, military and other services, etc.

Corruption affects the poorest, in rich or poor nations, although all elements of society are affected in some way, as corruption undermines political development, democracy, economic development, the environment and Health of people.

Across the world, the perception of corruption in public places is very high.

But corruption is not only found in governments; It can penetrate through society.

The issue of corruption is very interrelated with other issues. At the global level, the international economic system (influenced by the Washington Consensus), which has shaped the current form of globalization in recent decades, requires more scrutiny, as it has also created conditions for corruption to flourish and exacerbate Conditions of people around the world who already have little opinion about their own destiny. At the national level, effective participation and representation of people in society may be undermined by corruption, while at the local level, corruption can make everyday lives more painful for all those affected.

However, it is difficult to measure or compare the impact of corruption on poverty against the effects of law-based inequalities such as unequal trade agreements, structural adjustment policies, so-called free trade agreements, etc. It is easier to see corruption. It is more difficult to see these more formal, even legal forms of corruption. It is easy to assume that these are not even issues because they are part of the laws and institutions that govern national and international communities and many of us will be accustomed to it, is how it works, so to speak. These deeper aspects are discussed elsewhere in the section of this website on trade, economics, and related issues.

However, that is not to belittle the issue of corruption, since its impacts are huge as well.

Rich countries involved in corruption abroad
When asked why poor countries are poor, it is very common to hear, especially in the richest countries perceived to have minimal corruption (at least in the country) that other countries are poor because of corruption. However, corruption is not limited to Third World despots. Rich countries have also been involved in corrupt practices around the world.

As Professor Robert Neild of Trinity College of Cambridge University writes in Public Corruption; The Dark Side of Social Evolution (London: Anthem Press, 2002), Rich countries and their agencies ... have commonly been and are complicit in corruption abroad, encouraging it by their actions rather than hinder it .... (P.209). The specific problems that stand out are:

The impact of corruption in the Cold War (support for dictatorships, destabilization of democracies, financing of the opposition, etc.);
Companies in rich countries bribing rulers and officials in developing countries to obtain export contracts, particularly in the arms trade and construction (even justifying it by suggesting bribery is common in those countries, so they need to do so to to compete) ;
The corrupting effects of the purchase by rich countries and their international corporations of concessions in Third World countries to exploit natural deposits of oil, copper, gold, diamonds and the like. Payments made to rulers often violate local (and Western) rules, keeping corrupt rulers in power, who also embezzle a large amount of money.
The drug trade. Neild suggests that international law and national laws in rich countries that prohibit drugs can serve to produce an irresistible scarcity value for producers, smugglers and traders. Governments and civil society in the Third World are often undermined, sometimes destroyed by the violence and corruption that accompanies drug trafficking. This is probably the most important way in which rich country policies promote corruption and violence. However, the effect on the Third World seems hardly to enter into the discussion of alternative drug policies in rich countries. Legalization of drugs, a system of imposition and regulation, comparable to that applied to tobacco and alcohol, could do more to reduce corruption in the world than any other measure that.

Sunday, July 10, 2016

  HISTORY OF KOOH-E-NOOR DIAMOND

Kohinoor diamond ever largest known diamond in the world was the origin of the Kohinoor in Golconda in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India ... has changed hands among the many rulers of India to the Persian rulers, and many bitter wars fought for it .... the legend also says it's bad luck or misfortune, if used or stored in men, on the contrary, it brings good luck to the owners of the women who is the origin and history While the Kohinoor diamond diamond history is not clear, it is said to have found over years 4000-5000 oh mentioned in ancient Sanskrit writings called Syamantaka. Hindus believe [1] who received diamonds Krishna Jambavati Jambavan whose daughter later married Krishna. Legend has it that the diamond was stolen by Krishna, when he slept. Another source claims that the diamond was found in the river in 3200 B. C The historical evidence suggests that the Kohinoor originated in the kingdom of Golconda, in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, one of the first diamond producing regions of the world. This region was not the first and only known source of diamonds until 1730 when diamonds were discovered in Brazil. Diamond term "Golconda" came to define diamonds of the finest white color, clarity and transparency. They are very rare and highly sought after.

Who owned the diamond and when

1200 - 1300
There were many dynasties that owns the Kohinoor diamond including the Slave Dynasty (1206-1290), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451-1526) These were all short reigns ending with war and violence.

1306
In 1306 the Rajah of Malwa was forced to give the diamond to the rulers of the Kakatiya Empire

1323
Shortly thereafter, in 1323, the Kakatiya Empire fell after a rule extending from 1083 to 1323. The diamond was taken by Muhammad bin Tughlaq who became the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351

1323 - 1526
The diamond came into possession of the Delhi Sultanate, which consisted of many Muslim dynasties that ruled in India for 1526. During the Sultanate of Delhi Muslim armies consisting of Mongol, Turkish, Persian, and Afghan warriors invaded India

1526
Kohinoor diamond in 1526 passed the Mughal Empire when Timurid prince Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Sultans of Delhi, in the first battle of Panipat. Mughal is the Persian word for Mongol
Babur mentions in his memoirs, Baburnama, the diamond had belonged to an unnamed Rajah of Malwa
The Mughal Empire ruled most of the Indian subcontinent for two hundred years and the Kohinoor passes from a Mughal Emperor to the next. Violence and bloodshed follow these years often marked by the sons of emperors and rebels beating their parents

The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1592 - 1666), who was famous for building the Taj Mahal, Kohinoor diamond was placed on his throne adorned peacock
1639
The Koh-I-Noor changed hands several times until the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan took the throne. In 1639 a fight for the Empire began among his four sons - Dara, Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh when brother killed brother. Shah Shuja executed his brother Dara and Aurangzeb defeated then in 1658 and Shuja Shuja who was tortured to death along with his entire family

1665
In 1665 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1689), French traveler and pioneer of the jewelry and diamond trade with India, recorded their experiences in describing a large diamond Mughal said to be the largest in the world. It was called the "Great Mogul" by Tavernier

1739
In 1739 the Persian king Nadir Shah invaded the Mughal Empire defeat his emperor and stole large diamond Koh-i-Noor (Nadir Shah is credited with giving the name diamond is known today). The Koh-I-Noor Diamond was taken to Persia

1747
In 1747 Nadir Shah's empire quickly disintegrated after his murder - the curse of the Kohinoor strikes again? After the assassination of Nadir Shah, the diamond passed to his successors, each ritual dethroned and blinded (the blinding is used to represent an impotent enemy and become a burden to their community.)

1800
1800 - Ranjit Singh Empire and he took possession of the Kohinoor diamond. Rajah Ranjit Singh died in 1839 and his successors lacked his courage and vision
The Sikh Empire weakened and the British conquered India, which became part of the British Empire and the British Raj or rule gained control of India from 1858 - 1947
The British Governor-General of India, Lord Dalhousie, was responsible for the acquisition of the British Koh-I-Noor

1851
1851 - Dalhousie ordered the Kohinoor diamond to be presented by Ranjit Singh's successor, Duleep Singh, Queen Victoria, Empress of India

1851
1851 - The great exhibition was staged in Hyde Park in London when the Koh-I-Noor was released from view by the British public

1852
In 1852 Prince Albert ordered the Koh-i-Noor can recut from 186 carats to its current 105 carats increases its brightness. The Koh-i-Noor was mounted on a headband with more than two thousand diamonds
The Koh-i-Noor was then used as the centerpiece of the crown of the queen consort of British kings. Queen consort Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary wore crowns

1936
In 1936, the foundation stone was laid in the crown of the wife of King George VI, Queen Elizabeth (later known as the Queen Mother), wife of King George VI
The British royal family were obviously aware of the curse of the Kohinoor - "He who owns this diamond will own the world, but also know all its misfortunes God alone, or woman, can wear it with impunity.". And since the reign of Queen Victoria Kohinoor diamond has always gone to the wife of the heir to the British throne
GONE GIRL STORY


According to Anthony Lane are concerned with the "twenty of the people" who have not read, Juliane volcano "Girl Gone." I am one of them. When the press releases, let us leave the lake I saw a sad his house, those two years, I felt I was free. At the same time "Gone Girl" of the experience they are seen to "the beginning of the cultural life is uncertain," it is said, you may be able to read the book, nor to see the movie, I will not be able to embrace them both, that ll the brain, in the same place, and the other obscure. Generally you want to try. His laws, in the positive principle of my choice be pleased with all the glory of his own lust, Fincher, to make use of the intellectual.

The Book of "Gone with the girl", I also have heard, a new crime: A witty thriller absorbed into the film, which in the midst of, which is a big turn upends. (Spoiler alert. In this regard, I have seen below, in the mind of) his book On the virtues, as is said, that for its realization. For indeed it is the book of their writings, but full of texture, figure, both of the mind of the courts. The book of the same; the voices, and is a discerner of the thoughts and actions Nick Amy as if they could be a real people.

It is not so, however, David Fincher "Gone Girl". Thomas Vulcan I have written as it is written, it is a crime because it is not in the persuasive-range damage. And he passed over the skin just as mankind is a thin line between fiction fiction; opinion is false, as the "Fight Club" -a more fun than the thing itself, and form part of the same occupied. Encrypted adjustment is superficial, and the violence of his manners and his stylized. "Mother of God" by Ted Gioia is that sharpness is called the "postmodern" allows us to luxuriate in the mystery of the "General be comforted," the mystery of God, it feels like you're built cities in the order of resolution, and enjoying the "fun, and a hovering is he that watcheth in vain that they themselves are to fall. "

As the accounts of the use of a number of heroes and villains in the "Gone Girl" Fincher, but stories. Tranquilizers we hope for, my kinsmen, and to overcome (or not). In fact, this is base because he is conscious, it is not of the records can not be taken seriously. Richard Brody has written themselves as a College the theater, ugly characters, and the more simple in order to indicate that the "The energy underlying mythic." But "mother of God" anti-be read. Suspendisse ut (Rosamund Pike), he says, laying her husband Nick (Ben Affleck), "that they are:" Do not believe it is supposed to have. If you move the story is the story of the perfect union of venennm then there arises the question for ever "war sex. "There is a story to sing well, we can think about the marriage?

If this sounds familiar, because they are in the way, "Gone Girl" Fincher returns to the buildings of the "Fight Club", which is to replace the flock of the Cimbri and the disenchanted married couple Tacitus Durden. On both sides of the story, the story Only rebel not ye against the idea of ​​perfection, knowing not to be borne, and replacing with an alternative to the destruction of one does from freedom ,, she transcends it. "Advertising to drive the car is with us, and the apparel, and the dung of jobs we hate so we can buy a work, do not need to," he said of Tacitus Durden. "We have seen with thee, and believe that every day he rose again sem elit all the gods, and rock stars we wish we were rich." Durden is of the male from the flattery of the answer to contemporary and embrace the disillusionment, the idea of ​​the violent, the authentic, and, as "real" were, and that turned out to be the danger of the appearance of alternative. In the "Girls Gone", which at the same time as a couple I have not the story of the male sex, because it is heavy. But the solution is: "We want to battle, before the sword," says massage.

"Mother of God" in the sense of the "Fight Club" duplicates. Explore the positive and negative aspects of the story of a man-child, Fincher only to one person, and man is a person "disassociated" (Anonymous, I am Tyler Durden from the other, we wish to bring the first of Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, mILQUETOAST). "Mother of God" requires two bifurcated, whose behavior of the sacrifice of challenging them to flight. The story is complex domestic society is inappropriate mythos than manly. Already in 1999, with "Fight Club" went up some ingenious idea of ​​male disenchantment experienced discrimination. (This distinction is pressed, if you please, he has disappeared.) Was full of truly remains, however, the two at the same time to live. And while the idea of ​​the imagination, does not consist in the War of the culture of the West or the perfect partner (wife, and especially of the perfect), and lives.

"Mother of God" is fascinating in that it is what it is, there is a living, who have a part to the disturbance, our suspicion that he himself, in a sense, the fundamental, it is necessary that the victimization. And "Fight Club" showing him the two were inseparable, they were set, they brought to the imagination, "Gone Girl" can be separated from the proposal to raise the marriage victimhood. In real life, is a suspicion of a huge, sometimes is, and sometimes it is not. The more we are aware of the prevalence of domestic violence, we will stay at The widespread awareness of the bond of evil and of the financial administration. Everyone can see that we do not understand, that there are marriages also covers a lot of. At the same time, increased the power of the masculine and the feminine, less suitable to the gifts of fortune concepts such as the freedom of the king's life. Nick women's magazines torture of men and women, and we have offered us the most attractive and the most stunning urban course alone freedom and plenty of free time for exercise. To be in the end it is in potency with respect to the yoke. And power relations, it is always winners and losers.

"Mother of God" It is good, that which is most hollows or in the statutes on this subject, from our point of view, fear of married life, by setting forth the unwise. In life, as in the movie tabloid media does not know how to describe the grim houses, each a perfect match crime scene wherein the cruelty of infidelity and impiety. "Mother of God" -spoiler Watch ye, and the veil that is to these anxieties the tabloid -Pulle Victorian metus Sed congue. Amy is kidnapped by the Desi Collings, when (Carl Orff Patrick), and is rich ex-boyfriend, the house, and shutting him up in the pit, so that looks like from the castle, which was once the prison of the body of women, from the Gothic style. Suspendisse that a classic manipulative when it is seen in the number of a woman, made as though he is an evil man, Nick was an unfortunate and catcheth any hatred. This fable fantasy, archetypical general, the film suggests, that they should not be of much benefit to our suspicions, and from our life, that is to say out of this life, for example, the balance between work and life. "Mary the mother of Mary," Fincher the best scenes, in all the way, the way, that was afraid for a possession, showing the appearance of a beautiful, bloody, sensational.

The reason for the first rule of Fight Club is do not talk about Fight Club. For the hardships of his life, secrets of the heart we had imagined. When I have leisure in the dark, the light of his absurdity there is in them. And indeed that it is a shame: it is clear that in some way are rooted in narcissism. Were seized in their beds, to the slaughter, like a man deprived by improper use or does not allow the Gothic, but also a special, or her husband, the heroine. That's why we were held captive, and partly to the slaughter, and what false, the worship of the Tablet cable in the form of a message, should provide the victims with us in a special manner, famed for his holiness. "Holy one has perished" it is said, what is genuine, if it can not be done without grace, he said, enabled social solidarity or the sacrifice of infected politicized "worship." But in regard to this cave, "worship" the suspicions of our marriage. Generally speaking, about the injustice of our part about the obligations of married life, unworthy of our vicious without any fascination with Gothic ,, the violent victimization. But in "Maria" connected these two mindsets imagination, perhaps the same. Gothic, and with fear mingled with the counsel of this kind.

"Gone Girl" is a fantasy that is perfect, and takes place in the world, not a thing. You need to wonder how the Games and went forth out of this life I have closely connected. And you can not miss that for the most part "Gone Girl" is a farce. There is no crime to terror, and with the house of Dunne. Amy and Nick to harm themselves, and not to men; Nick adventure with attractive student Ratajkowski Mark, and "thick lines" Music Video-comedy, because you have played is. For the creation of the heavens, from on high is a common suspicion about the "crimes" the way to the end to be true. "Mother of God" Maybe it's just to play around in doing so, they did not find us in the connections to the imaginary life.


The same question might be asked of the stock of "Fight Club" and the young men think that only the violence of the pain, the mind grows against him? Without a doubt, the greater the movement, but this is not to force is not right. In a case of "Gone Girl" convince concerning the skepticism of our times, is from the marriage, and at last, the rugged, wrong, the life of the community, a delusion! N that interdum great need from the nail to turn a pair of tongs. "Mary the mother of the girl," for it is resonated by reason. He found the creepy part was confused: and the care for our versions have it.